D-luciferin is a common substrate for Luciferase and is widely used throughout biotechnology, especially in vivo imaging technology. The mechanism of action is that luciferin (the substrate) is oxidized to emit light in response to ATP and luciferase (see figure below). It's produced when there's too much luciferin The light quantum number was positively correlated with the concentration of luciferase. Plasmids carrying luciferase encoding gene (Luc) were transfected into cells and introduced into study animals such as rats and mice In vivo, fluorescein is then injected and changes in light intensity are detected using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to monitor disease progression or drug efficacy in real time and so on. ATP's influence on the reaction system can also be used to indicate energy or vital signs according to changes in bioluminescence intensity. D-luciferin is also commonly used in in vitro studies, including luciferase and ATP levels analysis; Reporter gene analysis; High-throughput sequencing and various contamination tests. There are currently three product forms: D-luciferin (free acid), D-luciferin salts (sodium and potassium salts). The main difference lies in solubility: the former is water-soluble and the solubility of buffer system is weak, except soluble in weak bases such as low concentration NaOH and KOH solutions, soluble in methanol and DMSO; The latter is easily soluble in water or buffer, easy to use, solvent non-toxic, especially suitable for in vivo experiments. As a solution, there is no substantial difference between the three products in the vast majority of applications. Features High Purity: >99% High Solubility: Up to 60 mg/mL in water High Sensitivity: Capable of detecting as few as hundreds of cells; effective imaging depth of 3–4 cm Stable Signal: High bioluminescence intensity and slow signal decay, ideal for large-scale in vivo validation studies Application In the tumorigenesis experiment in nude mice, the tumor growth was observed without invasion in real time, without tumor stripping measurement. To test the effect of the administration on tumor growth or metastasis, the fluorescein substrate can be completely eliminated within 3 hours, without interference to the drug experiment. The localization and distribution of foreign cells in animals were detected. The target gene or promoter of the target gene is fused to the luciferase gene to detect changes in gene expression during drug treatment or disease progression. Monitoring stem cell transplantation, survival and proliferation; Trace the distribution and migration of stem cells in vivo. Specifications English synonym (S)-4,5-Dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid sodium salt; D-Luciferin firefly, sodium salt monohydrate; CAS NO. 103404-75-7 Formula NaC11H7N2O3S2·H2O Molecular weight 320.32 g/mol Appearance Light yellow powder Solubility Solube in water(100 mg/mL) Purity (HPLC) ≥95% Components Components No. Name 40901ES01 40901ES02 40901ES03 40901ES08 40901ES10 40901 D-Luciferin, Sodium Salt 100mg 500 mg 1g 5g 10g Figures 1. Superior Performance (A). Superior Signal Stability Figure 1. Superior Signal Stability Over Time Fluorescence signal was measured every 5 min. Results showed that the signal from the Yeasen product decayed more slowly, with only about 20% reduction (B). Higher Fluorescence Intensity Figure 2. Higher Fluorescence Intensity Fluorescence intensity test using a multifunctional microplate reader demonstrated that the Yeasen luciferin potassium salt produced stronger fluorescence signals compareafter 40 minutes. 2. Application Case Cas 1. D-Luciferin is applicable in cancer research. Figure 3. Mechanistic Study of Circular RNA in Tumor Growth. Using Yeasen products, Gu Y, Wang Y, et al. investigated the role of circRNA in tumor progression. The study revealed that circular RNA circIPO11 drives self-renewal of liver cancer–initiating cells via Hedgehog signaling (Mol Cancer, 2021, 20(1):132). Cas 2. D-Luciferin enables real-time monitoring of tumor growth. Figure 4. In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Antitumor Drugs. Yeasen products were applied in the study by Huang K, Liang Q, et al., which identified a novel allosteric inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) that suppresses growth and metastasis of non–small-cell lung cancer (Cell Metab, 2019, 30(6):1107–1119.e8).
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